Dr Janet Cox-Singh

• Describe the measures taken to prevent malaria and infection by HIV, HBV and HCV.

malaria - efforts to prevent malaria infection include reducing exposure to malaria this can be done a variety of ways, such as getting rid of stagnent water, providing mosqueto netting when sleeping, etc. this is because FEMALE mosquetos transmit the pathogen from human to human once they have drunk from an effected host

HIV,HBV,HCV - people are urged to be tested for these diseases before conducting unprotected sexual intercourse with anyone as they can be spread through sex.

mothers who are positive for any of these diseases are urged to come forward in pregnancy to begin taking Anti virals to try to prevent passing on the disease to their child through the blood in labour and in the delivery process

children in areas where these diseases are affluent are usually given a HBV vaccine immedietly after birth, this is done in areas such as malaysia, it is not done in the UK because this disease is not highly prevelant. it is given to healthcare workers who are at potential risk of coming into contact with the virus

in countries where this is available Screening takes place of blood transfusions before it is given to induviduals to screen for HIV,HCV,HBV or malaria to ensure that others are not effected

there is not yet a vaccine for malaria HCV or HIV however efforts are underway to produce one

• What are the main transmission routes for HBV, HCV,HIV and malaria

these are blood borne viruses/pathogens they are easily transmitted through blood, so they can be transmitted in a variety of ways such as

Blood transfusions (THIS can be even worse as in developing countries malaria is very common and one of the ways it can affect humans is by giving them severe anemia as bone marrow is no-longer able to keep up with production of RBC over the ones that have been destroyed due to malaria a cure for the anemia iit causes is by giving the induvidual a blood transfusion however because this usually occurs in 3rd world countries they don’t always have the medical equipment needed such as screening for blood transfusions so they are not able to screen for HIV,HCV,HBV etc present in the blood so they could be infecting the induvidual with this ontop of their malaria. this is common as the prevalence of these viruses/diseases is heightened in the countries who experience malaria)

needle stick injuries