substrate level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis, phosphorolation requires energy which is obtained by taking a phosphate group

oxidative phosphorylation occurs when electrons move through an electron transport chain whch ends up with the reduction of oxygen which makes h20 and which is used to generate high energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

3 steps - electrons given to the electron transport chain donated by coenzymes NADH and FADH2

• Describe the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A and role of acetyl-coA in entering the citric acid cycle324

pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA via decarboxylation by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. producing Co2 and the 2 carbon molecule acetylcoenzymeA.

• Explain where in the cell the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place

the citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, oxidative phosphorolation occurs when oxygen is the final electron acceptor, it occurs during the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. (o2 is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain due to the fact that it reduces oxygen and thereby creates H20 in complex 4)

• Describe the steps in the citric acid cycle which generate reduced coenzymes, energy and metabolic waste

oxaloacetate condenses with acetyl-CoA to create citrate (C6).

citrate is made into isocitrate (C6)

isocitrate then undergoes oxidative decarboxylation (NAD+ is reduced to NADH Co2 is released) to a 5 carbon a-ketoglutarate molecule

a-ketoglutarate then undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and the product of this reaction then binds with acetyl-CoA to produce Succinyl CoA (4C) this step produces GTP which donates a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP