follicular carcinoma - less common - spread via blood often to bone which causes thyroid histology in bone biopsy

papillary carcinoma - most common - spread via lymph nodes, lymph node dissection shows cancer

• 1. Describe the causes and effects of hyperthyroidism

Commonest cause - Grave’s disease (autoimmune)

Presentation = Can present as diffuse toxic goitre

Female 10:1 Male

usually effects individuals U40yrs.

Autoimmune - IgG binds to TSH receptors on thyrocytes and causes activation of the thyroid gland causing hormone production, T3 +T4

Predisposition = strong family history correlation with HLA DR3 gene