• a. Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism

Metabolism

Refers to the entire set of chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life. It includes all the processes that build up and break down molecules. it is divided into ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM

Anabolism

the set of metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones. It requires energy input and is responsible for processes like the synthesis of proteins from amino acids, DNA replication, and the formation of cellular structures

Catabolism

is the set of metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

• b. Define oxidation and reduction and know the importance of these reactions in metabolism

Oxidation + reduction = Redox reaction

The cell maintains a balance of oxidation and reduction reactions, which is essential for regulating metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and the response to oxidative stress. Too much oxidation can lead to the production of harmful free radicals, which are associated with cellular damage and aging.

Oxidation

Oxidation is the process in which a molecule, atom, or ion loses electrons. When a substance is oxidised, it typically also gains oxygen or loses hydrogen.

Oxidation reactions are essential for the release of energy in biological systems. In cellular respiration, glucose or fatty acids are oxidised to release energy, which is then used to generate ATP, the cell's energy currency.