in normal glucose ranges there should be no glucose present in urine, this only occurs when there is hyperglycaemia

what is the main metaboliser of glucose?

-THE BRAIN (takes 60% of avail glucose in blood

• Describe the metabolic changes associated with short-term and long-term fasting

Short term fasting e.g. first days of starvation - carbohydrate stores will last for 1 day or less - blood glucose will fall. proteins Canfield glucose via deamination & gluconeogenesis. but should/need to be preserved as much as possible for normal bodily function. muscle shifts to using fatty acids as primary fuel which spares glucose for the brain.

MORE THAN 3 DAYS - ketone bodies build up (due to fatty acid breakdown to acetyl coA)

brain becomes more tolerant to lower glucose -uses ketone bodies. over time the brain lowers need for glucose which preserves protein reserves as need for amino acids to fuel gluconeogenesis reduced

maintaining protein levels is important for survival

metabolic changes in fasting inc…

adipose lipids become free fatty acids and glycerol that enter blood, muscles are broken down into proteins and amino acids which contribute to gluconeogenesis and the liver produces ketone bodies that the brain can utilise alongside glucose

islets of langerhan cell types,

Alpha cell; Glucagon secretion

Beta Cell; Insulin secretion